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21 - The Future of World Jewish Communities
- Edited by Judith R. Baskin, University of Oregon, Kenneth Seeskin, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture
- Published online:
- 05 May 2015
- Print publication:
- 12 July 2010, pp 494-510
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Summary
Jewish communities throughout the world have undergone major transformations in the decades since 1945. These changes include population shifts in the aftermath of the Holocaust, the establishment of the State of Israel, the end of most Jewish communities in North Africa and the Middle East outside of Israel, major waves of emigration from the former Soviet Union, and the ascendancy of North America as a powerful center of Jewish demography, culture, and institutions. During the last sixty-five years, Jews have also responded to a broad range of social, cultural, and technological innovations as they have become increasingly integrated into the societies in which they reside. In addition to their conspicuous educational and occupational achievements, Jews have experienced new forms of acculturation, family patterns, and religious practice. These processes have raised questions about the future of Jews as an ethnic and religious minority in an open pluralistic society where individualism and freedom to choose and shape one's own identity are salient features. This chapter explores these themes and discusses the challenges that are likely to face Jewish communities in North America (the United States and Canada), Europe, Latin America, and Israel in the course of the twenty-first century.
THE DECADES TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
In forecasting the future, Jewish communal leaders and scholars have constructed three portrayals of the Jewish past and present.
11 - What Integrates the Second Generation? Factors Affecting Family Transitions To Adulthood in Sweden
- Edited by Corrado Bonifazi, Marek Okólski, Jeanette Schoorl, Patrick Simon
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- Book:
- International Migration in Europe
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 22 June 2021
- Print publication:
- 03 August 2008, pp 225-246
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Summary
Introduction
While there have been many studies of immigrant adaptation in the public spheres of work, school and politics and some on select family dimensions (for example fertility and divorce), few have focused on family relationships among immigrants, either generationally or between partners. Even fewer studies have investigated immigrant groups from a ‘gendered’ perspective, going beyond gender differences in labourforce participation and economic activities to investigate gender roles and attitudes of immigrants and their adult sons and daughters. Several major research reviews have highlighted the importance of studying family relationships and the critical role of gender relationships that characterise immigrants, and have called attention to these lacunae in the research literature (for reviews, see Hugo 1997; Bjerén 1997; Pedraza 1991).
Research in various countries has documented the important role of family relationships for the social and economic integration of immigrants. Families are a source of values conveyed across the generations and are also a resource for immigrants in their adaptation to their place of destination. Families normally assist in the initial settlement and the economic adjustment of immigrants, forming social and economic networks for immigrant integration. Over time, families assist in the socialisation of the next generation, the native-born of foreignborn parents, in learning how to adjust to the new society and in retaining or redefining the culture and values of their origins (see Brubaker 2001; Portes 1995; Zhou 2001). Hence families are particularly important for those of foreign-born origins and are more problematic, providing many of the resources needed for success in the new society and a ‘brake’ on assimilation into the new society. The examination of the relative balance of these family processes has become a critical part of an assessment of the integration and inclusion of immigrants and their children.
A focus on the ‘private sphere’ of the family directly raises the question of gender relationships. The roles of women and men in families are challenged by the potential family generational break brought about by the immigration process when gender roles differ in the new society. When these differences are reinforced at work and in school, relationships between husbands and wives and between parents and their sons and daughters are often strained. These generational tensions and strains are increased when the cultural differences and social expectations of the places of origin and destination are greater.
3 - Ethnic categorizations in censuses: comparative observations from Israel, Canada, and the United States
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- By Calvin Goldscheider, Program in Judaic Studies and Department of Sociology, Brown University
- Edited by David I. Kertzer, Brown University, Rhode Island, Dominique Arel, Brown University, Rhode Island
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- Book:
- Census and Identity
- Published online:
- 03 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 15 November 2001, pp 71-91
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Summary
Censuses and other official documents gather information to carry out a variety of political, economic, and social objectives. In counting and categorizing residents of the state, the census has to cope in an official way with who is defined as a member of the society and how they should be identified in the count. Issues of counting are elementary but not simple. Who is counted as a legitimate resident of the state (e.g., how are non-legal residents and temporary workers treated in official statistics) and what does residence mean (is it limited to de facto residents or are those temporarily living elsewhere included among the state's population) appear on the surface to be straightforward questions, but are at the center of some of the most complex and politically torturous issues facing old and new states. In the global world where movement between states is increasing and taking on new forms, where returning “home” has become more routine, where cases of escape and resettlement can be counted in the millions annually, questions about who are the legitimate residents to be counted in censuses and how they should be classified and categorized are not only technical bureaucratic questions.
Membership in a state involves decisions in the formation of policies. Do particular policies apply only to citizens? Who has representation in local or national governments? Who has rights and entitlements?